First commercial computers were built in 1950 and 1951: LEO[UK], Zuse[DE] and UNIVAC[US].
LEO claim the first working Application in 1951.
[1949: BINAC built by the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation for Northrup]
Ignored technologies include:
Tapes: used in the first computers as large, cheap linear access storage.
Drums: in use a little later and continued for some time, often in specialist roles (paging).
| Disk / Storage Timeline | |
| 1956 | IBM 305/350 RAMAC, Disk. [Volumes, DASD, extents, Partition Datasets, CHS-addressing, count-key-data structure - variable-length blocks ] |
| 1964 | IBM OS/360 "Partition Datasets", count-key-data disks, IBM-DOS et al: Datasets and ISAM |
| 1969 | Unix V5?. PDP-7/11, hierarchical file system, inodes + "setuid" bit (patented). |
| 1974 | UNIX V6, CACM. 512by sectors, RK-05 [2.5MB + 36.5MB tape (2400', 1600bpi) |
| tools: ar, tar, dump, restore | |
| PDP-11.hierarchical fsys, single-root + mount, pipes, setuid, dirs, inodes, hard links, {owner, groups, permissions}, times. | |
| read(), write(), seek(), stat(), open(), close(), creat(), unlink(), link() | |
| 1974 | HSM by IBM. Tape Cartridges. IBM 3850 Mass Storage Facility. 6250bpi? |
| 1974 | CP/M, Kidall, Digital Research. File System with "A:" volumes. |
| 1976 | PWB, Programmers Workbench. SCCS - Version Control, RJE (Remote Job Entry), shell, troff -mm, make, {find, xargs, cpio, expr, egrep}, yacc, lex. |
| 1979 | IBM “Fixed-block Architecture” 3370, 512by sectors |
| 1980 | FAT-12, vols 32MB/512by, 256MB/4K sectors |
| 1981 | ACID for DB’s. Jim Gray, “Transaction Concept: Virtues & Limitations” |
| 1982 | RCS (Revision Control System), BSD |
| 1983 | 4.2BSD, symlinks [1978: DEC and RDOS] |
| 1983 | MBR boot, partitions |
| 1983 | Reuter & Haerder, coined 'ACID': "Principles of transaction-oriented database recovery” |
| 1983 | Tolerant Systems [later Veritas]. check-pointing Apps, Journaling FileSys +N-plex (RAID 1, N-vol) |
| 1983 | ‘locate/updatedb’ utility for Unix. DB of all files on system. |
| 1984 | FAT-16, vols 2GB vol, 4GB with Large File Support |
| 1984 | NFS, Sun. |
| 1984 | compress (LZW) |
| 1985 | High Sierra (CD-ROM), ECMA |
| 1986 | CVS (Concurrent Version Sys) in shell |
| 1986 | Filesystem Switch, System VR3 |
| 1986 | RFS - System VR3. |
| 1986 | IDE/ATA Logical Block Addrs, lba-22 [lba-28, 1996, all drives. max 128GiB/137GB] lba-48 current. 128PiB. FileSys/inode functionality |
| 1988 | ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) |
| 1988 | Tivoli Storage Mgr, TSM. HSM with GPFS. |
| 1989 | Lotus Notes. DB/file replication. |
| 1989 | RAID: Rethinking Single Large Expensive Drives. IBM 3390, last of this line: 1989-1993 |
| 1989 | Veritas, VxVM, LVM? AT&T, SUN, AIX, HP-UX. |
| 1989 | PKzip. 1st ".zip” archival & compression format |
| 1990 | ACL papers, MITRE Corp. |
| 1990 | CVS (Concurrent Version Sys) in 'C' |
| 1990 | EMC Symmetrix 4200 integrated cached disk array, 24Gb. RAID-0, striped. |
| 1991 | Plan 9, Overlay Mounts, isolated user views, fossil (dedupe), cached storage |
| 1991 | Veritas File System, VxFS. JFS on HP-UX1992 - RBAC paper. Ferraiolo & Kuha, Mandatory & Discretionary Access Controls. |
| 1992 | WAFL, NetApp |
| 1993 | MOSIX distributed O/S. SSI? |
| 1993 | NetApp Snapshots, RAID-4 (single parity, WAFL) 1st filer shipped.. NAS: NFS, SMB |
| 1993 | Trusted Solaris (B1), ACL's |
| 1993 | ext2, 32TB |
| 1994 | IBM patent on RBAC |
| 1994 | MS-DOS 6.22 DoubleSpace [1991 1st vrs] |
| 1994 | RockRidge, Joleiet (CR-ROM) |
| 1994 | StorTech Iceberg: RAID + Thin Provisioning/Over-Allocation |
| 1994 | XFS, SGI, 8EB |
| 1995 | ATA/IDE interface on all new consumer disks |
| 1995 | Beowulf clusters |
| 1996 | FAT-32, 2TB / 16TB |
| 1996 | Garth Gibson paper, Object Stores [successor to RAID] |
| 1996 | NDMP: Network Data Management Protocol, NetApp, Legato. direct backup of Datastores. |
| 1996 | Solaris MC: Single System Image, SSI |
| 1996 | rsync - FOSS replication |
| 1997 | 1Gbps FCAL. SAN’s begin. |
| 1997 | RBAC DB products |
| 1998 | HFS+, Apple |
| 1998 | Unixware Cluster: Single System Image |
| 1999 | 1Gbps Ethernet. IEEE 802.3ab, twisted-pair |
| 1999 | ISO-9660 (CD-ROM) |
| 1999 | Intel EFI 0.9. GUID Partition Table: GPT |
| 1999 | Linuxcare Bootable Business Card: cloop - compressed ISO [Knoppix] avg 2.5:1 ratio, 64Kb pages |
| 1999 | VAX Multipathing [OpenVMS] |
| 1999 | ext3, 32TB |
| 2000 | Subversion (client-server version control) |
| 2002 | 10Gbps Ethernet Fibre. 802.3ae |
| 2002 | ATA-6 spec: LBA-48 and CHS obsolete |
| 2002 | FAT-X |
| 2003 | Power over Ethernet. 802.3af |
| 2003 | VMware: vMotion, live image migration |
| 2004 | Data Domain: Purpose-built backup appliances, PBBA. 1.25TB. 50:1 compression, Data DeDupe |
| 2004 | Panasas ships 1st Object Store Product |
| 2004 | ZFS, 256ZB |
| 2004 | Lustre 1.2.0,March 2004, Linux kernel 2.6 |
| 2005 | UEFI boot + GPT. OS/X 10.4.0 ‘Tiger’ on Intel, |
| 2005 | Full text search, consumer desktop. “Spotlight”, OS/X 10.4 |
| 2005 | exFAT, 512TB |
| 2005 | Git - distributed version control |
| 2005 | Mercurial - distributed version control |
| 2006 | ext4, 1EB |
| 2007 | Brtfs, Oracle |
| 2007 | Fusion-io PCI Flash demonstrated |
| 2008 | Flash ‘TRIM’ command defined. ACS-2 command set. |
| 2008 | VMware: Storage vMotion, Local Datastores to/from SAN/shared datastores |
| 2009 | Advanced Format: 4096by sectors, hard disk |
| 2009 | SquashFS, 2.6.29 kernel. max 1Mb pages |
| 2009 | Spotlight full-text search, iOS 3.0 |
| 2010 | 40&100Gbps Ethernet. 802.3ba. Fibre mostly. |
| 2011 | PureStorage: Flash Array, 1st data centre all-flash device |
| 2012 | VMware: Storage vMotion, Local Datastores to/from local datastores |
| 2014 | Seagate Kinetic drive, ethernet [2x 1Gbps SGMI ethernet], 1Kb Keys, 1Mb Objects |
| 2014/5 | WD/HGST Open Ethernet Drive Architecture |
| 2015 | Seagate release SMR (Shingled) drives. Market seems underwhelmed. |
| 2016 | Samsung release 16TB SSD in 2.5", smaller, faster, less power-hungry than HDD's. x8 GB/Rack Unit |
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